Times Square (in English: Times Square) Square (Square) in Manhattan in New York is located at the intersection of Broadway and Seventh Avenue. Smit Baltimes Square because of an office building New York Times previously (currently the number one building in Times Square).
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Held celebrate New Year's Eve each year and is attended by hundreds of thousands.
And Times Square of the most important tourist areas in New York, and by all international restaurants such as and its replace "world m & m's own beans chocolate.
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And there trips Balatotbissat red with roles for tourists to discover New York. And Square Thames plenty of hotels famous such as Sheraton .
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Economically bridge
Pricing traffic
Despite the great movement on the bridge, it can not rely on the transit fee proceeds only to finance maintenance.
Because the size of the Golden Gate Bridge enormous, it requires many of the maintenance work to maintain it, and requires a lot of money. Bridge to the north of San Francisco Bay, taken each year about 42 million vehicles [48] bridge became necessary for users in the region. The first source to finance the construction of the bridge is the result of transit fee, which was established since the opening of the suspension bridge on May 23, 1937. Initially, the fee is 50 cents in both directions, with an additional 5 cents if the cars were carrying more than three passengers . Evolution after that price, the first decline in the period between 1937 and October 19, 1968 [49], to the value of 25 cents in both directions. In 1968 marked a turning point in the pricing policy applied: crossing the bridge from the south to the north became free but the price doubled to users of the bridge from the north of the San Francisco Bay to the city of San Francisco. Today, the regular price is six dollars to cross to the south, and is free in the opposite direction. And the price drops to three dollars for participatory cars during peak hours [50]. Transit fee income amounted to $ 84 million (during the fiscal years 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 [49]), but this amount has no effect on the economy of the city of San Francisco, where only allowed to cover part of the day-to-day maintenance of the structure. Golden Gate Bridge is a vital street for trade between the city of San Francisco and Northern California, but earns nothing from nothing. On the other hand, it needs external financing in order to function properly, the addition of corresponding seismic standards.
However, in total,
the bridge has a very positive impact on the region. Before its construction, was used ferries to reach the North Bay, and that was not allowed to move a lot of goods and very limiting trade between southern and northern Gulf. And building a bridge, became and other means of transportation are able to cross the Golden Gate Strait. Access to the city of San Francisco and other cities in southern California is easier than other cities in the country, such as Los Angeles.
Administration and Management
Logo GGBHTD responsible for managing the bridge
District mission is to provide a safe and sound management, maintenance and improvements to the Golden Gate Bridge, the provision of transport services as well as the resources necessary for users Highway 101 which crosses the bridge [51]. The support of the authorities in the state of California, the District succeeded in establishing a network of buses and ferries in the Gulf, despite the lack of access to funds allocated for this purpose. In fact, the Authority does not have the ability to raise money through taxes, and therefore must rely on the surplus resulting from transit fees, as well as the proposed transport prices (buses and ferries) to be able to finance itself. Transit fees funded 50% of the transport network Tkalpv / tickets provided 30% of the funds needed . The remaining 20% covered by federal grants and local California. Ads and equipment rental company also contributes to the provision of financial liquidity.
Golden Gate Bridge
GGBHTD manages a board of directors composed of nineteen members representing the six provinces that have contributed to its formation. San Francisco County lion's share of the members of the Board to nine members, appointed by someone mayor of San Francisco, and preside over the meeting. Marin County north of the bridge four members, and Sonoma County three, while one person represents the remaining provinces: Napa County, Mendocino County and Del Norte County [52]. Leaders are paid to members $ 50 per meeting, can reach the value to $ 5,000 per year, and $ 7,500 to the Director of the Council.
Seismic Risk
Difficult experiences
Earthquakes and storms
Tacoma bridge collapse Narus, 7 November 1940
great image about,Golden Gate Bridge
Date 7 November 1940 saw the collapse of the third world's largest suspension bridge at the time, Bridge Tacoma Narus, sparking resentment of the Golden Gate Bridge Engineers Lyon Musev, a senior engineer the Golden Gate Bridge, and the bridge Tacoma Narus also falling became guilty fact that the bridge was designed not to not flexible enough. [54] have been contacted Charles Ellis, another engineer bridge the Golden Gate, to study the strength of the bridge, not even a disaster similar to the disaster Tacoma Bridge. But the results of the study were reassuring: the Tacoma Bridge Incident the Narus due in fact to narrow by 1 of 72 between length and width. And the risk of repeated problem with the Golden Gate Bridge, which has increased by 1 of 47 ATP report, therefore very low. What reassured engineers about the bridge's ability to face the risks of weather. However, the seismic risk is still not perceived.
Faced San Francisco several earthquakes of varying strength, and remains constant threat of earthquake can be deadly and destructive to the Golden Gate Bridge. According to scientists, it is falling magnitude earthquake did not know the city within five and thirty years to come. Earthquake in 1906, and magnitude 7.9 on the Richter scale, destroyed a large part of the city of San Francisco. Expectations and paint the largest earthquake parameters tragic end to the Golden Gate Bridge, especially since suspended several bridges showed fragility in the past.
Seismic risk is reflected
A section of the Bridge Bay Bridge, which was damaged by the tremors.
vidio about Golden Gate Bridge
This was in the late eighties of the twentieth century, with the earthquake in Loma Prieta strongly 6.9, when authorities realized what an earthquake can be a risk, not only for humans but also outstanding for bridges. Harvesting Loma Prieta earthquake 62 victims, and more than 3,000 wounded and damage estimated at more than five billion dollars. Among the buildings that were damaged by the disaster, Bridge Bay Bridge , which was built in the same time with the Golden Gate Bridge, and partly with the same crew. Integral part of the collapsed bridge between the San Francisco Bay in the nearby city of Auckland. Quake, which was centered in the Santa Cruz Mountains [55], 80 kilometers from the bridge, has had an impact in the first place in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Influenced by the Golden Gate Bridge earthquake,
but without any damage [20]. Violent shaking move and suspension links, between the ropes and the road, and the interaction of the bridge according to the precautions taken by the engineers: ataxia bridge مخمدا earthquake forces, before to be free from vibrations and movements. Power dissipation saved the Golden Gate Bridge from the disaster. [56] For this reason, projects are being implemented wide range of seismic protection techniques to protect the bridge from seismic threat is imminent, may not happen this time at a distance of 80 km from the temple.
Seismic hazard source stems from the occurrence of the city of San Francisco between Sdein more cracks California active, the San Andres Fault and the Hayward fault . Every crack draws the border between two tectonic plates, the continental plates are moving continuously, but not always in the same directions. After some time, crumble zones friction plates at the end of the day, and in addition to the effects of the crash, and liberated tensions accumulated since its inception. This is what happened during the earthquake of 1906, one of the most violent earthquakes in history.
Permanent renewal process and basic
Maintenance worker on the bridge deck.
Even be a major San Francisco
Bay bridges able to withstand a major earthquake, they benefit from the program of modernization and conform to the standards . For Bridge Bay Bridge spent more than two billion dollars in order to avoid catastrophe for Loma Prieta, and repeated again scene of the collapse of part of it. Engineers took the Golden Gate Bridge more precautions during construction to protect the bridge from natural disasters, and earthquakes also hit Gulf regularly. Seismic and architectural idiosyncrasies in the bridge, we find on each side of the bridge stretch breaks allow, in case the shock to the bridge, dispersed between the parts of the bridge on each side to slip. This spacing can be up to 43 centimeters, however, recent experiments have shown that these precautions are not enough to cope with an earthquake.
Business update and matching criteria are based on two pillars: the pillars of flexible isolate different parts of the bridge, in addition to the dampers are supposed to ease the trauma. Scientists believe that the next big earthquake will happen within five the next thirty years, but it could very well happen within a month, a year or ten years. For this reason, the bridge in constant renewal, with the ultimate objective of maintaining the bridge in the face of the earthquake measuring 8.3 on the Richter scale.
